Submucosal (or Submucous) fibroid - This type is located beneath the lining of the uterus.  The fibroid can develop a thin stalk or even enter the vagina.

Intramural fibroid - They stay mostly embedded within the middle of the wall of the uterus.

Subserosal (or Subserous) fibroid - This type grows towards the outside of the uterus and can press on the organs surrounding the uterus such as the bladder or rectum.

Pedunculated fibroid - This type of fibroid can develop when a fibroid grows on a stalk, which is called a pedicle.  This can be a subserosal fibroid growing out into the abdomen or a submucosal fibroid growing into the endometrial cavity. The stalk can get twisted which can cause severe pain, although this is extremely rare.

Interligamentous fibroid - It can grow sideways between the layers of the broad ligament (a band of fibrous connective tissue that supports the uterus). 

Parasitic fibroid - This fibroid attaches itself to another organ, such as the tube, the mesentery, or a loop of bowel.  Its uterine stalk gradually degenerates until the fibroid is no longer a part of the uterus at all. (This fibroid is the rarest of all the types.)   

"Uterus and Uterine Fibroids illustration used by permission of  Ricardo Garcia Monaco, M.D. - Argentina"